Bioinformatische Methoden zur Auswertung von Daten aus Messungen des Metabolic Profil / Fingerprints / Metabolomics

Bioinformatische Methoden werden zur Auswertung von Daten aus Messungen des metabolischen Profils herangezogen. Die jeweiligen Verfahren und Methoden stehen – in diesem Gebiet – vielfach noch in einer sehr frühen Phase der Forschung, und vor allem Studien, den Bereich der Ernährungswissenschaften betreffend, sind eher selten. Um hier einen Schritt in eine effektive und sinnvolle Richtung zu machen, sind sowohl eine internationale Vereinheitlichung von gebräuchlichem Fachvokabular nötig, als auch weitere Forschung in Bezug auf die unterschiedlichen Vor- und Nachteile des zu verwendeten Probenmaterials erforderlich. Auswirkungen exogener und endogener Effekte auf Probanden und somit auf das Probenmaterial spielen, wie bereits durchgeführte Experimente zeigen, eine nicht zu verachtende Rolle und müssen berücksichtigt werden. Sowohl die Wahl zweckdienlicher Extraktionsverfahren, als auch der Methoden zur chemischen Analyse unterliegen gewissen Einschränkungen, die in Bezug auf die Auswertung der Daten durch bioinformatische Methoden berücksichtigt werden müssen. Auf die jeweiligen Vor- und Nachteile wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit ausführlich eingegangen. Ein Trend zeigt sich bei den Analysemethoden hin zur Massenspektrometrie und Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie. Die Auswertung der enormen Datenmengen erfolgt mit Hilfe statistischer und bioinformatischer Methoden. Die Masse und Komplexität der Daten stellen die eingesetzten Softwareprogramme vor beachtliche Anforderungen, die gelöst werden müssen. Einen interessanten Ansatz in Bezug auf Informationsaus-tausch bietet WikiPathways, das Wissenschaftlern die Möglichkeit bietet, ge-meinsam und barrierefrei Wissen auszutauschen und Erkenntnisse zu erlan-gen. Handlungsbedarf besteht hinsichtlich der effizienten Weiterverarbeitung der gewonnenen Daten und ihre Einbettung in bereits bestehenden Strukturen (z. B. weitere „Omiks“-Datenbanken). Interessante Ansätze in Bezug auf zukünftige Anwendungsgebiete – im Bereich der Ernährungswissenschaft – stellt sicherlich die Auswertung des metabolischen Profils im Hinblick auf präventive, individuelle Ernährung dar.Bioinformatical methods are used for analysis of data that is created from measurements of the metabolic profile. The respective methods and processes of this area are currently still in a very early stage of research. In particular, studies concerning the field of nutrition science are rather rare. For the next step towards an effective and meaningful direction for the domain, both an international standardization of common terminology is required, as well as further research on the advantages and disadvantages of the use of different sample material. Studies have shown that exogenous and endogenous effects on test persons, and therefore on the sample material, have a significant impact and must be considered. Both the choice of appropriate extraction methods and the methods of chemical analysis are subject to certain restrictions that must be considered in relation to the evaluation of the data using bioinformatical methods. This thesis discusses the respective advantages and disadvantages of different methods in detail. A trend towards mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is identified as the dominant analytical methods. The analysis of the enormous amounts of generated data is conducted using statistical and bioinformatical methods. The mass and complexity of the data leads to significant requirements towards the software tools that must be solved. An interesting approach to information exchange is taken by the project WikiPathways, which provides scientists with the possibility to exchange knowledge without barriers. Action is required for the development of methods for efficient processing of the data and its integration into existing structures (for example, other "omics"-databases). Interesting approaches to future applications – in the field of nutritional science – is certainly the evaluation of metabolic profile in respect to a preventive, individual diet

Development of the theory of shared communication : the process of communication between parents of hospitalized technology dependent children and their nurses

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Technology dependent children such as those who require a feeding tube, tracheotomy or ventilator are a special group of chronically ill children who require complex care on a daily basis. When these children are hospitalized, the accompanying parent and the nurse caring for the child on the inpatient unit must communicate together about the care of the child. Care for the technology dependent child is optimized when parents and nurses both understand the plan of care for the child. To discover the process of parent-nurse communication that results in mutual understanding of the child’s plan of care, a grounded theory study to explore the perspectives of the parents of previously hospitalized technology dependent children was undertaken. The Theory of Shared Communication emerged from the data and illuminates the parent-nurse communication process. The antecedents of the process are respect for own and others expertise. The communication process consists of six communication behaviors; ask, listen, explain, advocate, verify understanding and negotiate roles. The behaviors are nested within each other and all are not necessarily required for the non-linear process to result in the relational outcome of mutual understanding of the child’s plan of care. An integrative review of the literature regarding the process of communication between parents of hospitalized chronically ill children and their nurses shed light on the components of the process, but no study was found that explicated the entire communication process. A subsequent grounded theory study added the perspectives of the nurses to the original theory. No new components of the process were uncovered, but the nurse’s narratives added significantly to our understanding of the communication process. Additionally, parents of currently hospitalized technology dependent children confirmed the propositions of the Theory of Shared Communication

Kv2.1 channels play opposing roles in regulating membrane potential, Ca2+ channel function, and myogenic tone in arterial smooth muscle.

The accepted role of the protein Kv2.1 in arterial smooth muscle cells is to form K+ channels in the sarcolemma. Opening of Kv2.1 channels causes membrane hyperpolarization, which decreases the activity of L-type CaV1.2 channels, lowering intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and causing smooth muscle relaxation. A limitation of this model is that it is based exclusively on data from male arterial myocytes. Here, we used a combination of electrophysiology as well as imaging approaches to investigate the role of Kv2.1 channels in male and female arterial myocytes. We confirmed that Kv2.1 plays a canonical conductive role but found it also has a structural role in arterial myocytes to enhance clustering of CaV1.2 channels. Less than 1% of Kv2.1 channels are conductive and induce membrane hyperpolarization. Paradoxically, by enhancing the structural clustering and probability of CaV1.2-CaV1.2 interactions within these clusters, Kv2.1 increases Ca2+ influx. These functional impacts of Kv2.1 depend on its level of expression, which varies with sex. In female myocytes, where expression of Kv2.1 protein is higher than in male myocytes, Kv2.1 has conductive and structural roles. Female myocytes have larger CaV1.2 clusters, larger [Ca2+]i, and larger myogenic tone than male myocytes. In contrast, in male myocytes, Kv2.1 channels regulate membrane potential but not CaV1.2 channel clustering. We propose a model in which Kv2.1 function varies with sex: in males, Kv2.1 channels control membrane potential but, in female myocytes, Kv2.1 plays dual electrical and CaV1.2 clustering roles. This contributes to sex-specific regulation of excitability, [Ca2+]i, and myogenic tone in arterial myocytes

The path is the goal: How transformational leaders enhance followers’ job attitudes and proactive behavior

Steinmann B, Klug HJ, Maier GW. The path is the goal: How transformational leaders enhance followers’ job attitudes and proactive behavior. Frontiers in Psychology. 2018;9: 2338.While leading through goals is usually associated with a task-oriented leadership style, the present work links goal setting to transformational leadership. A longitudinal field study was conducted to investigate the influence of transformational leadership on followers’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and proactive behavior via goal attributes. Findings indicate that transformational leaders influence the extent to which followers evaluate organizational goals as important and perceive them as attainable. Multiple mediation analysis revealed that these goal attributes transmit the effect of transformational leadership on followers’ job attitudes and proactive behavior. However, goal importance and goal attainability seem to be of differential importance for the different outcomes

The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior

While leading through goals is usually associated with a task-oriented leadership style, the present work links goal setting to transformational leadership. An online survey with two time points was conducted with employees to investigate the influence of transformational leadership on followers’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and proactive behavior via goal attributes. Findings indicate that transformational leaders influence the extent to which followers evaluate organizational goals as important and perceive them as attainable. Multiple mediation analysis revealed that these goal attributes transmit the effect of transformational leadership on followers’ job attitudes and proactive behavior. However, goal importance and goal attainability seem to be of differential importance for the different outcomes

The second physical therapy summit on global health: developing an action plan to promote health in daily practice and reduce the burden of non-communicable diseases

Based on indicators that emerged from The First Physical Therapy Summit on Global Health (2007), the Second Summit (2011) identified themes to inform a global physical therapy action plan to integrate health promotion into practice across the World Confederation for Physical Therapy (WCPT) regions. Working questions were: (1) how well is health promotion implemented within physical therapy practice; and (2) how might this be improved across five target audiences (i.e. physical therapist practitioners, educators, researchers, professional body representatives, and government liaisons/consultants). In structured facilitated sessions, Summit representatives (n=32) discussed: (1) within WCPT regions, what is working and the challenges; and (2) across WCPT regions, what are potential directions using World CaféTM methodology. Commonalities outweighed differences with respect to strategies to advance health-focused physical therapy as a clinical competency across regions and within target audiences. Participants agreed that health-focused practice is a professional priority, and a strategic action plan was needed to develop it as a clinical competency. The action plan and recommendations largely paralleled the principles and objectives of the World Health Organization's non-communicable diseases action plan. A third Summit planned for 2015 will provide a mechanism for follow-up to evaluate progress in integrating health-focused physical therapy within the profession.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

T Cell Cancer Therapy Requires CD40-CD40L Activation of Tumor Necrosis Factor and Inducible Nitric-Oxide-Synthase-Producing Dendritic Cells

Effective cancer immunotherapy requires overcoming immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments. We\ua0found that local nitric oxide (NO) production by tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells is important for adoptively transferred CD8(+) cytotoxic T\ua0cells to destroy tumors. These myeloid cells are phenotypically similar to inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2)- and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-producing dendritic cells (DC), or Tip-DCs. Depletion of immunosuppressive, colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R)-dependent arginase 1(+) myeloid cells enhanced NO-dependent tumor killing. Tumor elimination via NOS2 required the CD40-CD40L pathway. We also uncovered a strong correlation between survival of colorectal cancer patients and NOS2, CD40, and TNF expression in their tumors. Our results identify a network of pro-tumor factors that can be targeted to boost cancer immunotherapies